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# NX9-Auth System Architecture Specification
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---
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## 1. System Overview & Executive Summary
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**NX9-Auth** is a lightweight, high-performance, self-hosted Identity and Access Management (IAM) platform written entirely in pure Rust. It provides centralized authentication, fine-grained Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), multi-tenancy, service account management, personal access tokens (PATs), and append-only audit logging.
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The system is architected as a modular, stateless HTTP server paired with a zero-JavaScript-framework WebAssembly (WASM) administration user interface. By executing natively on Linux systems without requiring external memory caches (e.g., Redis), JavaScript runtime environments (e.g., Node.js), or third-party web frameworks, NX9-Auth achieves minimal memory consumption, high throughput, zero garbage collection pauses, and operational simplicity.
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---
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## 2. Design Philosophy
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NX9-Auth adheres strictly to eight core design tenets:
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1. **Linux-First**: Native optimization for Linux environments, systemd process supervision, standard UNIX signals, and POSIX filesystem standards.
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2. **Privacy-First**: No external telemetry, phone-home mechanisms, or third-party tracking. All identity records remain strictly under local operator control.
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3. **Self-Hosted & FOSS**: Distributed as 100% Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) dual-licensed under Apache 2.0 and MIT.
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4. **Rust-Native Integrity**: End-to-end type safety, compile-time memory safety, and thread concurrency guarantees across both server and WebAssembly client binaries.
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5. **Zero Node.js Runtime**: No JavaScript runtime dependencies, npm build chains, or node_modules overhead. The frontend is compiled from Rust directly to WebAssembly.
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6. **Minimal Dependencies**: Strict audit of external crates to maintain a minimal attack surface, fast compile times, and long-term maintenance stability.
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7. **Operational Simplicity**: Single-binary deployment capability with embedded or external SQL databases. Zero mandatory external cache or message broker sidecars.
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8. **Security by Default**: OWASP-aligned response headers, memory-hard Argon2id key derivation, BLAKE3 token hashing at rest, non-enumerating error responses, and strict Content Security Policies (CSP).
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---
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## 3. Architectural Principles
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The internal architecture is guided by structural design patterns:
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- **Layer Separation**: Downward-only dependency flow (`CLI` $\rightarrow$ `Runtime` $\rightarrow$ `Application` $\rightarrow$ `HTTP Router` $\rightarrow$ `Services` $\rightarrow$ `Repositories` $\rightarrow$ `Database`).
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- **Dependency Inversion**: Service and handler layers depend on trait abstractions (`UserRepository`, `SessionRepository`) rather than concrete database drivers.
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- **Repository Pattern**: Pluggable storage providers (SQLite, PostgreSQL) implementing unified async trait interfaces.
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- **Configuration over Hardcoding**: Fail-fast configuration loading supporting configuration files, environment variable overrides, and CLI flags.
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- **Stateless HTTP API**: Authentication state is encapsulated in cryptographically hashed session cookies or Bearer tokens, eliminating sticky-session server dependencies.
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- **Fail-Fast Startup**: Early validation of configuration paths, database connectivity, and encryption parameters before opening listening sockets.
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- **Graceful Shutdown**: Signal-driven, multi-stage shutdown sequence ensuring background worker completion, audit log flushing, and pool draining.
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- **Explicit Error Handling**: Strongly typed error enumerations (`AppError`) mapping internal failures to standard HTTP status codes without leaking sensitive stack traces.
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---
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## 4. Technology Stack
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| Component Layer | Technology Choice | Key Function & Architectural Role |
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| :--- | :--- | :--- |
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| **Language Ecosystem** | Rust | Core system implementation across server and WebAssembly client. |
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| **Async Execution** | Tokio | Multi-threaded asynchronous I/O, timer management, and task scheduling. |
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| **HTTP Routing** | Axum & Tower | Type-safe REST API routing, request extraction, and middleware pipelines. |
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| **Database Abstraction** | SQLx | Asynchronous, compile-time verified database access for SQLite and PostgreSQL. |
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| **Password Cryptography** | Argon2id | Memory-hard key derivation function for secure password verification. |
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| **Token Hashing** | BLAKE3 | Fast cryptographic hashing for storing session tokens and PATs at rest. |
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| **Rate Limiting** | DashMap | Lock-free, high-concurrency in-memory hash map for tracking IP failure counters. |
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| **Frontend Framework** | Dioxus (WASM) | Declarative, signal-driven WebAssembly UI with virtual DOM reconciliation. |
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| **WASM HTTP Client** | Reqwest (WASM) | WebAssembly HTTP fetch client configured for credentialed API interaction. |
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---
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## 5. Runtime Architecture
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### 5.1 Runtime Core Components
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The server runtime (`src/runtime/`) isolates process lifecycle management from business domain logic:
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- **Application**: The core container holding state, connection pools, state trackers, and worker managers.
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- **ApplicationBuilder**: Assembles configuration, initializes database providers, applies database migrations, and binds the router.
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- **AtomicRuntimeState**: Lock-free atomic state machine enforcing valid lifecycle transitions.
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- **SignalManager**: Asynchronous signal listener intercepting `SIGINT` and `SIGTERM`.
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- **ShutdownCoordinator**: Manages prioritized shutdown hooks and completion timeouts.
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- **WorkerManager**: Supervises background asynchronous tasks (e.g., expired session pruning, audit log flushing).
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- **HookRegistry**: Maintains prioritized cleanup routines executed during graceful shutdown.
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- **RuntimeMetrics**: Tracks runtime uptime, active connections, and worker states.
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### 5.2 Deterministic Lifecycle State Machine
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```mermaid
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stateDiagram-v2
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[*] --> Initializing : ApplicationBuilder::build()
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Initializing --> Starting : Application::start()
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Starting --> Running : TcpListener Bound & axum::serve Awaited
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Running --> Draining : SIGINT / SIGTERM Received
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Draining --> StoppingWorkers : Background Workers Signaled
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StoppingWorkers --> ExecutingHooks : Prioritized Shutdown Hooks Executed
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ExecutingHooks --> ClosingResources : Database Connection Pools Drained
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ClosingResources --> Stopped : Process Terminates Cleanly
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Stopped --> [*]
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```
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### 5.3 Prioritized Shutdown Sequence
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When a termination signal is received, the runtime executes hooks sequentially by tier:
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1. **ShutdownPriority::First**: Closes HTTP ingress listener and stops receiving new connections.
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2. **ShutdownPriority::Normal**: Cancels active background worker loops and awaits inflight jobs.
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3. **ShutdownPriority::Last**: Flushes pending audit trails and closes database pool connections.
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---
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## 6. Request Lifecycle & Pipeline Architecture
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Every incoming HTTP request traverses a strict layered middleware pipeline:
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```mermaid
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flowchart TD
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Client([Client Request]) --> TCP[Tokio TcpListener]
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TCP --> Router[Axum HTTP Router]
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subgraph MiddlewarePipeline [" Middleware Pipeline "]
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Router --> SecHeaders[Security Headers Middleware\nCSP, Cache-Control, HSTS]
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SecHeaders --> TracingMW[Tracing & Request ID Generation]
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TracingMW --> Sanitizer[SPA Query String Credential Sanitizer]
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end
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Sanitizer --> AuthExtractor[AuthUser Extractor\nCookie vs. Bearer Token]
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AuthExtractor --> GuardCheck{Endpoint Allowed?}
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GuardCheck -- Unauthorized --> ErrResp[HTTP 401 / 403 JSON Response] --> Client
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GuardCheck -- Authorized --> Handler[API Route Handler]
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Handler --> Service[Domain Service Layer]
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Service --> RepoTrait[Repository Trait Interface]
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RepoTrait --> DBImpl[SQLite / PostgreSQL Driver]
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DBImpl --> DB[(Database Engine)]
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DB --> DBImpl --> RepoTrait --> Service --> Handler
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Handler --> Response[JSON Response / SPA Assets] --> Client
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```
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---
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## 7. Repository & Database Architecture
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### 7.1 Repository Abstraction Layer
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NX9-Auth decouples persistence logic from domain services using Rust traits (`async_trait`). This guarantees that API handlers remain agnostic of the underlying database engine.
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```mermaid
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classDiagram
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class UserRepository {
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<<interface>>
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+find_by_id(id) Option~User~
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+find_by_username(name) Option~User~
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+create(user) User
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+update(user) User
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+delete(id) bool
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}
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class SqliteUserRepository {
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-SqlitePool pool
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+find_by_id(id)
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+create(user)
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}
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class PostgresUserRepository {
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-PgPool pool
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+find_by_id(id)
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+create(user)
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}
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class AuthService {
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-DynUserRepository user_repo
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-DynSessionRepository session_repo
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+authenticate(credentials)
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}
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UserRepository <|.. SqliteUserRepository
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UserRepository <|.. PostgresUserRepository
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AuthService --> UserRepository
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```
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### 7.2 Database Engines & Schema Migrations
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- **SQLite**: Default embedded database provider using WAL (Write-Ahead Logging) mode and busy timeout management for high concurrency.
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- **PostgreSQL**: Production multi-node provider for enterprise environments.
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- **Migration System**: Managed via SQLx embedded migrations executed automatically during startup, guaranteeing schema consistency across upgrades.
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---
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## 8. Authentication Architecture
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NX9-Auth supports dual-mode authentication, accommodating both web browser clients (via HttpOnly cookies) and API consumers / SPA applications (via Bearer tokens).
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```mermaid
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flowchart TD
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AuthRequest([Incoming Credentials / Request]) --> RouteType{Request Path?}
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RouteType -- POST /api/v1/auth/login --> LoginHandler[Login Handler]
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LoginHandler --> VerifyPassword[Verify Password via Argon2id]
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VerifyPassword -- Invalid --> TimingMitigation[Execute Dummy Argon2id Delay] --> Return401[Return HTTP 401 Unauthorized]
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VerifyPassword -- Valid --> RevokeSessions[Session Fixation Mitigation:\nRevoke Prior Sessions & Tokens]
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RevokeSessions --> GenerateTokens[Generate Opaque Tokens:\nst_... and rt_...]
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GenerateTokens --> HashTokens[Compute BLAKE3 Hashes for Storage]
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HashTokens --> SaveDB[Store Hashes in Database]
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SaveDB --> IssueAuth[Issue HttpOnly Cookie + Return Access Token JSON] --> AuthSuccess([Authenticated])
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RouteType -- Protected API Route --> ExtractAuth[Extract AuthUser]
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ExtractAuth --> CheckCookie{Cookie nx9_session\nPresent?}
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CheckCookie -- Yes --> ValidateCookie[BLAKE3 Lookup in Sessions Table]
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ValidateCookie -- Valid --> ExtractUserCookie[Find Active User] --> SessionAuth([AuthMethod::Session])
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CheckCookie -- No --> CheckHeader{Authorization: Bearer\nHeader Present?}
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CheckHeader -- Yes --> TokenPrefix{Token Prefix?}
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TokenPrefix -- pat_... --> ValidatePAT[BLAKE3 Lookup in PAT Table] --> ExtractUserPAT[Find Active User] --> PATAuth([AuthMethod::Token])
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TokenPrefix -- st_... --> ValidateSession[BLAKE3 Lookup in Sessions Table] --> ExtractUserSession[Find Active User] --> SessionAuth
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CheckHeader -- No --> Return401
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ValidateCookie -- Invalid --> CheckHeader
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ValidatePAT -- Invalid --> Return401
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ValidateSession -- Invalid --> Return401
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```
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### 8.1 Key Authentication Mechanisms
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- **Session Tokens (`st_...`)**: Short-lived opaque session tokens returned on login and stored in HttpOnly cookies or client memory.
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- **Refresh Tokens (`rt_...`)**: Opaque tokens used to issue new session tokens without re-entering primary credentials.
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- **Personal Access Tokens (`pat_...`)**: Long-lived API tokens generated by users for automated integrations, hashed at rest using BLAKE3.
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- **Service Accounts**: Non-human identities bound to specific tenants and limited permission scopes for automated workloads.
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---
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## 9. Authorization Model (RBAC)
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NX9-Auth implements a hierarchical Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) model:
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```mermaid
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flowchart LR
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User[User / Service Account] --> UserRoles[Assigned Roles]
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UserRoles --> RolePermissions[Role Permissions]
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RolePermissions --> GlobalPermissions[Effective Permission Set]
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Request[API Request Endpoint] --> RequiredPerm[Required Permission Scope]
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RequiredPerm --> AccessEvaluator{Permission In Set?}
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GlobalPermissions --> AccessEvaluator
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AccessEvaluator -- Yes --> Allow[HTTP 200 / Execute Handler]
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AccessEvaluator -- No --> Deny[HTTP 403 Forbidden]
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```
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### Authorization Rules
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- **Super Admin (`*`)**: Universal access across all tenants and administrative APIs.
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- **Tenant Admin**: Administrative authority scoped strictly to resources owned by their tenant.
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- **Viewer / Standard User**: Read-only access or limited domain operation privileges.
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- **Permission Evaluation**: Resolved during the handler phase after successful `AuthUser` extraction.
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---
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## 10. Security Architecture
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NX9-Auth enforces a defense-in-depth security posture:
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```
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┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ HTTP Response Layer │
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│ Strict CSP (script-src 'self' 'wasm-unsafe-eval') | Cache-Control │
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│ HSTS | X-Frame-Options: DENY | Referrer-Policy: no-referrer │
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└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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│
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┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Transport & Sanitization │
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│ GET Query Credential Interceptor (HTTP 303 Redirect Sanitizer) │
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│ In-Memory Rate Limiting (DashMap Exponential IP Lockout) │
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└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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│
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┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Cryptographic Storage Layer │
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│ Argon2id (m=19456 KiB, t=2, p=1) Password Key Derivation │
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│ BLAKE3 Opaque Token Hashing at Rest (Sessions, Refresh, PATs) │
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└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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│
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┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ Audit & Observability │
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│ Append-Only Tamper-Evident Audit Logging (actor, target, severity) │
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└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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- **Non-Enumerating Authentication Errors**: Password failures and non-existent usernames return identical HTTP 401 error payloads and invoke Argon2id execution paths to neutralize timing side-channels.
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- **Query Parameter Credential Protection**: Server-side fallback handlers strip any query strings containing sensitive credentials (`username=`, `password=`) and issue immediate HTTP 303 redirects to clean paths.
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---
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## 11. Multi-Tenancy & Resource Hierarchy
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Resources are hierarchically structured to ensure data isolation:
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```mermaid
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flowchart TD
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System[NX9-Auth System] --> TenantA[Tenant A]
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System --> TenantB[Tenant B]
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TenantA --> UsersA[Users & Service Accounts]
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TenantA --> GroupsA[Groups]
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TenantA --> AppsA[Applications]
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GroupsA --> RolesA[Roles]
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AppsA --> ResourcesA[API Resources & Tokens]
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TenantB --> UsersB[Users & Service Accounts]
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TenantB --> GroupsB[Groups]
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TenantB --> AppsB[Applications]
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```
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### Data Isolation Guarantees
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- Every database query for tenant-scoped entities contains explicit `WHERE tenant_id = ?` filters.
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- Service accounts and applications are strictly bound to their parent tenant ID and cannot cross boundaries.
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---
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## 12. Frontend Architecture (WebAssembly SPA)
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The administration interface is implemented as a pure WebAssembly Single Page Application (SPA) using Dioxus 0.6:
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```mermaid
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flowchart TD
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Browser[Web Browser] --> IndexHTML[index.html]
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IndexHTML --> BootJS[assets/boot.js]
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BootJS --> WASMModule[nx9_auth_ui_bg.wasm]
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subgraph DioxusWASM [" Dioxus WebAssembly Engine "]
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VDOM[Virtual DOM Engine]
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SignalState[Signal State Management]
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Router[Dioxus Router]
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end
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WASMModule --> DioxusWASM
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subgraph EventSystem [" Dual Event Interception Protocol "]
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FormSubmit[Form onsubmit Listener] --> PreventDefault[evt.prevent_default()]
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ButtonClick[Button onclick Listener] --> PreventDefault
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PreventDefault --> WASMFetch[WASM Reqwest fetch()]
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end
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DioxusWASM --> EventSystem
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WASMFetch -- "Content-Type: application/json\nfetch_credentials_include()" --> BackendAPI[NX9-Auth Axum REST API]
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```
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---
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## 13. Configuration System
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NX9-Auth loads configuration using a multi-tiered fallback hierarchy:
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```
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1. Explicit CLI Flags (--config /path/to/config.toml)
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│
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▼
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2. Environment Variables (NX9_SERVER__PORT, NX9_DATABASE__URL)
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│
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▼
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3. Local Configuration Files (./config.toml, /etc/nx9-auth/config.toml)
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│
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▼
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4. Compiled Default Fallbacks
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```
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### Validation & Startup Safeguards
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- Configuration loading performs instant fail-fast validation. If database URIs are malformed or TLS configurations are invalid, process execution halts immediately with explicit error logging before binding network ports.
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---
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## 14. Deployment Architecture
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NX9-Auth is deployed as a single, self-contained Linux executable:
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```mermaid
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flowchart LR
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Internet([Internet / Clients]) --> ReverseProxy[Reverse Proxy\nNginx / Caddy / Traefik\n(TLS Termination)]
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ReverseProxy -- HTTP / Unix Socket --> AppService[NX9-Auth Binary\nSystemd Supervised Service]
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AppService <--> SQLite[SQLite Database File\n(WAL Mode)]
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AppService <--> Postgres[(PostgreSQL Server)]
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```
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### Systemd Process Supervision Example (`nx9-auth.service`)
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```ini
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[Unit]
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Description=NX9-Auth Identity & Access Management Server
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After=network.target
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[Service]
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Type=simple
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User=nx9-auth
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Group=nx9-auth
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ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/nx9-auth serve --config /etc/nx9-auth/config.toml
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Restart=on-failure
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RestartSec=5s
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LimitNOFILE=65536
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CapabilityBoundingSet=
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NoNewPrivileges=true
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ProtectSystem=strict
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ProtectHome=true
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ReadWritePaths=/var/lib/nx9-auth
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[Install]
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WantedBy=multi-user.target
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```
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---
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## 15. Repository Directory Layout
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```text
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/
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├── Cargo.toml # Primary Cargo workspace manifest
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├── Cargo.lock # Dependency lockfile
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├── build.rs # Build script for static asset embedding
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├── README.md # Project documentation overview
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├── LICENSE # Dual license declaration (MIT OR Apache-2.0)
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├── LICENSE-MIT # MIT License terms
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├── LICENSE-APACHE # Apache 2.0 License terms
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├── src/ # Core backend source directory
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│ ├── main.rs # Binary entry point and CLI subcommand dispatcher
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│ ├── lib.rs # Library root exporting domain modules
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│ ├── api/ # Axum REST API handlers and routing table
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│ ├── audit/ # Audit trail logging service and DTOs
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│ ├── cli/ # Clap CLI subcommand implementations
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│ ├── config/ # Configuration file parsing and environment loaders
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│ ├── db/ # SQLx database abstraction layers and migrations
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||||
│ ├── error/ # Strongly typed application error enumerations
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│ ├── identity/ # User, role, group, and tenant management services
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│ ├── middleware/ # Security headers, authentication, and logging middlewares
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│ ├── runtime/ # Application lifecycle, state machine, and signal hooks
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│ └── security/ # Argon2id, BLAKE3, and rate-limiting modules
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├── ui/ # WebAssembly Frontend crate (Dioxus 0.6)
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│ ├── Cargo.toml # UI package crate manifest
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│ ├── index.html # SPA entry point template
|
||||
│ ├── assets/ # Static styling and JavaScript boot loader
|
||||
│ └── src/ # Dioxus components, routes, and services
|
||||
├── tests/ # Integration and end-to-end security test suites
|
||||
├── scripts/ # Maintenance, build, and release helper scripts
|
||||
├── deploy/ # Containerization, systemd, and reverse-proxy templates
|
||||
└── docs/ # Architecture guides, ADRs, and technical specifications
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
## 16. Architectural Roadmap & Future Capabilities
|
||||
|
||||
The following capabilities represent planned architectural extensions:
|
||||
|
||||
- **OpenID Connect (OIDC) & OAuth2 Provider**: Expanding identity capabilities to act as a full OIDC Authorization Server and Identity Provider (IdP).
|
||||
- **WebAuthn / FIDO2 Passkeys**: Native passwordless authentication support using browser WebAuthn APIs.
|
||||
- **Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)**: Time-based One-Time Password (TOTP) integration using standard RFC 6238 algorithms.
|
||||
- **SCIM 2.0 & Directory Sync**: System for Cross-domain Identity Management (SCIM) for automated user provisioning.
|
||||
- **Observability Exports**: OpenTelemetry metrics and tracing exporters for Prometheus and Grafana monitoring stacks.
|
||||
- **High-Availability Clustering**: Distributed session cache synchronization across multi-region server nodes.
|
||||
Reference in new issue
Block a user